نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• علیرضا عطاریانی ¹
• بهرامعلی قنبری هاشم آبادی ²
• محمود آزادی ³

¹ دانشجوی دکتری مشاوره دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بجنورد

² استاد گروه روانشناسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

³ استادیار گروه روانشناسی موسسه آموزش عالی حکمت رضوی مشهد

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثربخشی مداخله مبتنی بر مرگ‌اندیشی بر سبک زندگی و اضطراب مرگ در زندانیان صورت گرفت. روش پژوهش شبه‌آزمایشی از نوع پیش ‎آزمون-پس ‎آزمون باگروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری موردمطالعه دراین پژوهش، مردان زندانی در واحد3 مشاوره زندان مرکزی شهر مشهد (825 نفر) بودند. از میان آن‎ها 24نفر که ملاک‎ های ورود را دارا بودند، به‌صورت دردسترس به‌عنوان نمونه پژوهش انتخاب و به‌صورت تصادفی(12نفر درگروه‌آزمایش و 12نفر درگروه کنترل) گمارده شدند و در پایان مداخله، داده‎های 24 نفر مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرارگرفت. جهت جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه سبک ‌زندگی لعلی و همکاران (1390) و پرسشنامه اضطراب مرگ تمپلر (1996)، به‌عنوان ابزار پژوهش استفاده گردید. هردو گروه‌آزمایش و کنترل پرسشنامه‌های مذکور را به‌عنوان پیش‌آزمون، تکمیل و سپس گروه‌آزمایش به مدت 16جلسه تحت درمان الگوی مداخله‎ای ارائه شده قرارگرفتند. اما گروه کنترل درطول دوره پژوهش، الگوی مداخله‌ای را دریافت نکرد. سپس هردو گروه پرسشنامه‌های پژوهش را به‌عنوان پس‌آزمون تکمیل و درنهایت، داده‎های پژوهش بااستفاده از تحلیل کوواریانس تک‌متغیره و تحلیل واریانس چندمتغیره مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرارگرفت. نتایج نشان داد، مداخله درمانی مبتنی بر مرگ‌اندیشی موجب بهبود سبک زندگی وهمچنین کاهش میزان سطح اضطراب مرگ زندانیان گروه آزمایش نسبت به گروه کنترل از مرحلۀ پیش‌آزمون به مرحلۀ پس‌آزمون تا مرحلۀ پیگیری شده است؛ بنابراین، باتوجه ‌به یافته‌های به‌دست‌آمده می‌توان نتیجه گرفت، مرگ‎اندیشی منجر به‌ بهبود سبک زندگی و همچنین کاهش میزان سطح اضطراب مرگ در زندانیان می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• سبک‌زندگی
• اضطراب مرگ
• مرگ اندیشی
• زندانیان

موضوعات

• روان درمانی

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effectiveness of Death-Thinking-Based Psychotherapy on Prisoners’ lifestyle and Death anxiety

نویسندگان [English]

• Alireza Attariani ¹
• Bahramali Ganbari Hashemabadi ²
• mahmood azadi ³

¹ PhD Candidate, Counseling and Psychological Department, Islamic Azad University, Bojnord Branch, Bojnord, Iran

² Full Professor, Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

³ Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Extended Abstract:

Introduction

Death thinking is defined as concern about death. Therefore, death-thinking individuals are aware of their own inevitable death and concerned about facing it. It can be said that death thinking is the way people deal with death and the way they understand it: both are related to the lifestyle and death anxiety. According to Terror Management Theory, when thoughts of death are consciously focused on, the person's lifestyle becomes more oriented toward meaning, personal values, and authentic relationships, and as a result, psychological distress such as death anxiety is reduced. On the other hand, when thoughts of death are on the periphery of individuals’ mental life, their lives are more prone to dysfunctional relationships and psychological disorders. Furthermore, the fear of thinking about death in people with death anxiety means accepting the lack of control over death. In cases where people face death dynamically and constructively, their depression, anxiety, and despair are reduced and their lifestyle is improved. Moreover, anxiety and inefficient lifestyle can be seen as reactions to the issue of death. Due to the high psychological pressure felt as a result of anticipating imminent death, some prisoners show maladaptive and destructive behaviors such as using drugs and strong painkillers, self-harm, and conflict, the consequences of which lead to an increase in depression, aggression, despair, self-harm, and other harmful behaviors for themselves and other prisoners. Considering the role of constructive death thinking on the meaning of life, and its relationship with lifestyle, conducting a study on the effectiveness of death-thinking-based intervention is important. Death-thinking psychotherapy assumes that the real, personal and realistic encounter with the phenomenon of death can lead to the promotion and improvement of the lifestyle of prisoners. This study, therefore, aimed at investigating the effectiveness of death-thinking treatment on death anxiety and lifestyle of prisoners.

Methodology

This research employed a quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test control group design. The statistical population consisted of all male prisoners (N = 825) residing at the Counseling Center No. 3 of the Central Prison of Mashhad. From this population, 24 prisoners who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental and a control group (12 participants in each group). Then, all participants completed the questionnaires in the pre-test stage, including the Laali et al.'s Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ; 2013) and Templer's Death Anxiety Questionnaire (TDAS; 1970). The members of the experimental group received 16 sessions of the Death-Thinking-Based Psychotherapy while the members of the control group did not receive any intervention. After the intervention period, the participants of both groups were asked again to complete the study questionnaires for the post-test stage. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANCOVA) in SPSS-21.

Results

The ANCOVA analysis showed a significant difference between the lifestyle of the members of the experimental and control groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that the intervention based on death-thinking significantly improved the lifestyle of prisoners in the experimental group compared to the lifestyle of the members of the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the between-subjects effects test for death anxiety showed a significant F value, indicating a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. Accordingly, the intervention based on death-thinking reduced prisoners’ death anxiety (P<0.05).
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics (Mean and Std. Deviation) of Variables’ Pre-test and Post-test Scores




Variable


Experimental Group


Control Group




Mean


Std. Deviation


Mean


Std. Deviation






Lifestyle


Pre-test


120.26


20.64


131.13


22.30




Post-test


140.66


21.01


128.66


23.22




Death anxiety


Pre-test


9.66


1.75


7.13


2.89




Post-test


6.73


2.65


8.20


2.36




Table 2. Univariate ANCOVA: Experimental vs. Control Group Comparison on Prisoner’s Lifestyle




Source


Sum of Squares


Deg. of Freedom


Mean Square


F


Significance


Eta Coefficient






Pretest


3835.90


1


3835.90


49.21


0.000


0.65




Group


3492.20


1


3492.20


44.79


0.000


0.62




Error


719.04


27


26.63


 


 


 




Total


2504.96


29


 


 


 


 




Table 3. Univariate ANCOVA: Experimental vs. Control Group Comparison on Prisoner’s Death Anxiety




Source


Sum of Squares


Deg. of Freedom


Mean Square


F


Significance


Eta Coefficient






Pretest


50.58


1


50.58


10.77


0.003


0.28




Group


48.10


1


48.10


10.24


0.003


0.27




Error


126.74


27


4.69


 


 


 




Total


193.46


29


 


 


 


 




 

Discussion and Conclusion

This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of the treatment based on death-thinking on the lifestyle, and death anxiety among prisoners. The results showed that death-thinking-based treatment significantly improved lifestyle and reduced the level of death anxiety. The evidence confirms the practical validity of the treatment based on death thinking. The clinical observations showed that these impacts were evident in areas such as motivation and goals. The observations also showed that the prisoners who received the treatment based on death-thinking changed their internal and external goals. This finding is in line with the findings of Hashemi and Qolizadeh (2024). Many people can use the findings of this study, including those who seek a better lifestyle, and the psychologists whose clients are in situations with imminent death such as those sentenced to death or awaiting imminent death in prisons, or patients with incurable diseases such as cancer and AIDS.

Ethical Considerations

Before the intervention, the general objectives of the study were explained to the participants and their informed consent was obtained, and the confidentiality of their identity was assured. This research was approved under the ethics code IR.IAU.BOJNOURD.REC.14010010.
Keywords: Lifestyle, Death Anxiety, Death Thinking, Prisoner.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• lifestyle
• death anxiety
• Death-thinking
• Prisoner