نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مشاوره دانشگاه کردستان

2 استادیار گروه مشاوره خانواده دانشگاه کردستان

چکیده

میزان استفاده از تنبیه بدنی در میان مادران در معرض خشونت خانگی بیشتر است. ارزیابی کودکان از خشونت خانگی و توانایی کم آنها برای مقابله با این پدیده، باعث بروز مشکلات رفتاری، عاطفی و سازگاری در کودکان است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی اثربخشی برنامه توانمندسازی مادران (MEP) بر کاهش استفاده از از تنبیه بدنی در مادران در معرض خشونت خانگی بود. این پژوهش به روش طرح‌ تک موردی A-B-A انجام شد. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل تمام مادرانی بود که در طی دو سال گذشته تجربه خشونت خانگی داشتند. برنامه توانمندسازی مادران بر اساس پروتکل ساندرا گراهام برمن در 10 جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای به 8 نفر از مادران خشونت دیده آموزش داده شد. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها در این پژوهش از پرسشنامه والدگری آلاباما (APQ) استفاده شد. نتایج شاخص‌ها با استفاده از (d cohen) که در دامنه 13/1 تا 82/1 قرار دارد نشان داد که برنامه توانمندسازی مادران بر کاهش استفاده از تنبیه بدنی در میان مادران در معرض خشونت خانگی موثر بوده است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر نشان می‌دهد که برنامه توانمندسازی مادران می‌تواند استفاده از مجازات فیزیکی را در میان جمعیت‌های محروم نیز کاهش دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Studying the effectiveness of Maternal Empowerment Program (MEP) on reducing the use of corporal punishment in mothers exposed to domestic violence

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shirin Naghibalsadate 1
  • Omid Isanejad 2

1 Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Counselling, Researcher in Family Pathology and Training Research Group, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The amount of use of corporal punishment is higher among mothers exposed to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Children's assessment of domestic violence and their low ability to deal with this phenomenon causes behavioral, emotional and adjustment problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Maternal Empowerment Program (MEP) on reducing the use of corporal punishment in mothers exposed to domestic violence. This research was conducted by A-B-A design method. The participants of this study were all mothers who had experienced IPV during the last two years. The Mothers Empowerment Program was trained to 8 abused mothers in ten 90-minute sessions based on the Sandra Graham Berman protocol. The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) was used to collect data in this study. The results of Cohen’d which is in the range of 1.13 to 1.82, showed that the empowerment program for mothers has been effective in reducing the use of corporal punishment of mothers exposed to IPV with children 6 to 12. The results of the present study show that a relatively short intervention program can reduce the use of corporal punishment of parents even in deprived populations with stressful conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Moms Empowerment Program
  • physical punishment
  • Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
اصلانی، خالد؛ خدادادی اندریه، فریده؛ امان­الهی، عباس؛ رجبی، غلامرضا؛ استیس ام، سندرا، (1398). اثربخشی زوج­درمانی متمرکز بر خشونت خانگی در خشونت علیه زنان؛ مداخله در رابطه زوجین ناسازگار ساکن شهر اهواز. مشاوره و روان­درمانی خانواده، 9 (2)، 232-215.
ترکاشوند، فاطمه؛ رضاییان، محسن؛ شیخ­فتح­الهی، محمود؛ مهرابیان، میلاد؛ بیدکی، رضا؛ گروسی، بهشید؛ موحدی، محمد، (1392). بررسی فراوانی انواع خشونت خانگی در زنان مراجعه‌کننده به مراکز بهداشتی، درمانی شهرستان رفسنجان در سال 1391. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، 12(9)، 708- 696.
خاقانی فرد، میترا؛ خسروی، زهره، (1383). بررسی همسر آزاری با تمایل به افکار خودکشی و آسیب­رسانی به همسر در زنان شهر تهران. مجله مطالعات زنان، 2(6)، 44-33.
سامانی، سیامک؛ سهرابی شگفتی، نادره؛ منصوری، سپیده­السادات، (1390). نقش واسطه­گری تنظیم شناختی هیجانی برای سبک والدگری و مشکل­های هیجانی. نشریه روش­ها و مدل­های روان‌شناختی، 1(3)، 124-111.
شارف، ریچارد اس، (1968). نظریه­های روان­درمانی و مشاوره. ترجمه: فیروزبخت، مهرداد. (1381). تهران: موسسه خدمات فرهنگی رسا.
صادقی، رسول؛ ویژه، مریم؛ رنجبری، نسیبه، (1398). عوامل مرتبط با خشونت خانگی علیه زنان در تهران. پژوهشنامه مددکاری اجتماعی، 2(14)، 66-37.
قراچه، مریم؛ مزاری، زهرا؛ حسن­پور ازغدی، بتول؛ حقانی، شیما؛ آزادی، شهدخت، (1399). ارتباط خشونت خانگی با دلبستگی مادر به شیرخوار در مادران مراجعه­کننده به مراکز جامع سلامت وابسته به دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران. نشریه پرستاری ایران، 33(127)، 88-73.
کاظمیان، سمیه؛ کریمی، مریم، (1397). رابطه هویت اجتماعی با کیفیت روابط والد فرزندی در بین دانش­آموزان دختر دوره دوم دبیرستان: بررسی مقایس­های نقش پدران و مادران. فصلنامه فرهنگ مشاوره و روان­درمانی، 34(9)، 118-103.
مصطفی، وفا؛ میرزا­پور، هادی؛ فلاح­زاده، هاجر؛ حمیدی، امید، (1400). نقش واسطه­ای خود-متمایزسازی در ارتباط بین هم­وابستگی و آزار عاطفی در دانشجویان زن متأهل. فصلنامه مطالعات زن و خانواده، 1(9)، 84-59.
نامنی، ابراهیم؛ خدادادی، علی اکبر، (1398). بررسی اثربخشی آموزش غنی­سازی روابط خانوادگی میلر بر بهزیستی روان­شناختی و خشونت زناشویی از نگاه زنان آزار­دیده. فصلنامه فرهنگ مشاوره و روان­درمانی، 38(10)، 176-147.
‏Adhia, A; & Jeong, J, (2019). Fathers’ perpetration of intimate partner violence and parenting during early childhood: results from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Child Abuse & Neglect96, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104103
Avinun, R; Davidov, M; Mankuta, D; & Knafo‐Noam, A, (2018). Predicting the use of corporal punishment: Child aggression, parent religiosity, and the BDNF gene. Aggressive Behavior44(2), 165-175. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21740
Berlin, L. J; Ispa, J. M; Fine, M. A; Malone, P. S; Brooks‐Gunn, J; Brady‐Smith, C; & Bai, Y, (2009). Correlates and consequences of spanking and verbal punishment for low‐income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers. Child Development, 80(5), 1403-1420.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01341.x
Bowen, M, (1960). A Family Concept of Schizophrenia.‏ New York: Basic Book.
Bowen, M, (1976). Theory in the practice of psychotherapy. Family Therapy: Theory and Practice, 4(1), 2-90.‏
Bulte, I; Onghena, P; & Michiels, M. B, (2013). The single-case data analysis package: Analysing single-case experiments with R software. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 12(2), 450-478. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1383280020
Burns, K; Helland, H. S; Križ, K; Sánchez-Cabezudo, S. S; Skivenes, M; & Strömpl, J, (2021). Corporal punishment and reporting to child protection authorities: An empirical study of population attitudes in five European countries. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105749.‏ http://www.elsevier.com/locate/childyouth
Chatterji, S; Heise, L; Gibbs, A; & Dunkle, K, (2020). Exploring differential impacts of interventions to reduce and prevent intimate partner violence (IPV) on sub-groups of women and men: A case study using impact evaluations from Rwanda and South Africa. SSM-Population Health, 11, 1-9.‏ http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ssmph
Chavis, A; Hudnut-Beumler, J; Webb, M. W; Neely, J. A; Bickman, L; Dietrich, M. S; & Scholer, S. J, (2013). A brief intervention affects parents’ attitudes toward using less physical punishment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(12), 1192-1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.06.003
Clark, H. M; Galano, M. M; Grogan-Kaylor, A. C; Stein, S. F; & Graham-Bermann, S. A, (2021). Treating attention problems in children exposed to intimate partner violence: Evaluating the Preschool Kids’ Club. Children and Youth Services Review, 128, 1-10. ‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106138
Cotti, C; Foster, J; Haley, M. R; & Rawski, S. L, (2019). Duluth versus cognitive behavioral therapy: A natural field experiment on intimate partner violence diversion programs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 26(2), 384–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000249
Cuartas, J, (2021). Corporal punishment and early childhood development in 49 low-and middle-income countries. Child Abuse & Neglect, 120, 105205.‏ http://www.elsevier.com/locate/chiabuneg
Cuartas, J; Grogan-Kaylor, A; Ma, J; & Castillo, B, (2019). Civil conflict, domestic violence, and poverty as predictors of corporal punishment in Colombia. Child Abuse & Neglect90, 108-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.02.003
Essau, C. A; Sasagawa, S; & Frick, P. J, (2006). Psychometric properties of the Alabama parenting questionnaire. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(5), 595-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9036-y
Finkelhor, D; Turner, H; Wormuth, B. K; Vanderminden, J; & Hamby, S, (2019). Corporal punishment: Current rates from a national survey. Journal of Child and Family Studies28(7), 1991-1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01426-4
Fleckman, J. M; Scholer, S. J; Branco, N; & Taylor, C. A, (2021). Educating Parents About Corporal Punishment and Effective Discipline: Pediatricians’ Preparedness, Motivation, and Barriers. Academic Pediatrics, 21(1), 149-157.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2020.05.028
Fleckman, J. M; Taylor, C. A; Theall, K. P; & Andrinopoulos, K, (2019). The association between perceived injunctive norms toward corporal punishment, parenting support, and risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect88, 246-255.‏‏ ‏https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.023
Frick, P, (1991). Alabama Parenting Questionnaire. University of Alabama: Author. Communication Studies, 48, 59-75.
Galano, M. M; Grogan-Kaylor, A; Clark, H. M; Stein, S. F; & Graham-Bermann, S. A, (2021). Examining the 8-year trajectory of posttraumatic stress symptoms in children exposed to intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(15-16), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519844280
García-Moreno, C; Pallitto, C; Devries, K; Stöckl, H; Watts, C; & Abrahams, N, (2013). Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence: World Health Organization.
Gershoff, E. T, (2013). Spanking and child development: We know enough now to stop hitting our children. Child Development Perspectives, 7(3), 133-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12038
Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, (2018) States which have prohibited all corporal punishment.
Graham-Bermann, S. A, (2012). The Moms’ Empowerment Program: A Training Manual. Ann Arbor: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan.
Graham‐Bermann, S. A; Castor, L. E; Miller, L. E; & Howell, K. H, (2012). The impact of intimate partner violence and additional traumatic events on trauma symptoms and PTSD in preschool‐aged children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(4), 393-400. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21724
Graham-Bermann, S. A; Miller-Graff, L. E; Howell, K. H; & Grogan-Kaylor, A, (2015). An efficacy trial of an intervention program for children exposed to intimate partner violence. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(6), 928-939. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000091
Graham-Bermann, S. A; Roberts, A; Osbourne, M; Shaughnessy, S; & Finkelstein, S, (2021). Enhancing child mental health in school and community settings: A pilot study of the kids’ empowerment program. Psychological Services.‏ https://DOI:10.1037/ser0000591
Grogan-Kaylor, A; Galano, M. M; Howell, K. H; Miller-Graff, L; & Graham-Bermann, S. A, (2016). Reductions in parental use of corporal punishment on pre-school children following participation in the moms’ empowerment program. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(8), 1563-1582.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260516651627
Grogan-Kaylor, A; Galano, M. M; Stein, S. F; Clark, H. M; & Graham-Bermann, S. A, (2020). Latent Profiles of Parenting among Women Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. Social Work Research, 44(1), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svz028
Grogan-Kaylor, A; Howell, K. H; Galano, M. M; & Graham-Bermann, S. A, (2020). The Moms' Empowerment Program. In E. T. Gershoff & S. J. Lee (Eds.), Ending the physical punishment of children: A guide for clinicians and practitioners (pp. 121–129). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000162-013
Grogan-Kaylor, A; Galano, M. M; Howell, K. H; Miller-Graff, L; & Graham-Bermann, S. A, (2019). Reductions in parental use of corporal punishment on pre-school children following participation in the moms’ empowerment program. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(8), 1563-1582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516651627
Grogan-Kaylor, Ma, J; & Graham-Bermann, S, (2018). The case against physical punishment. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.022
Howell, K. H; Miller, L. E; Lilly, M. M; Burlaka, V; Grogan-Kaylor, A. C; & Graham-Bermann, S. A, (2015). Strengthening positive parenting through intervention: Evaluating the moms’ empowerment program for women experiencing intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(2), 232-252. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260514533155
Larsen, S. E; & Hamberger, L. K, (2015). Men’s and women’s experience of IPV part II: A review of new developments in comparative studies in clinical populations. Journal of Family Violence, 30(8), 1007-1030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9730-x
Lenz, A. S, (2013). Calculating effect size in single-case research: A comparison of nonoverlap methods. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 46(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175612456401
Liu, L; & Wang, M, (2018). Parental harsh discipline and adolescent problem behavior in China: perceived normativeness as a moderator. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.009
Liu, W; Guo, S; Qiu, G; & Zhang, S. X, (2021). Corporal punishment and adolescent aggression: An examination of multiple intervening mechanisms and the moderating effects of parental responsiveness and demandingness. Child Abuse & Neglect, 115, 1-12.‏ https://www.elsevier.com/locate/chiabuneg
Muzik, M; Rosenblum, K. L; Alfafara, E. A; Schuster, M. M; Miller, N. M; Waddell, R. M; & Kohler, E. S, (2015). Mom Power: preliminary outcomes of a group intervention to improve mental health and parenting among high-risk mothers. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 18(3), 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-014-0490-z
Ogunbajo, A; Oginni, O. A; Iwuagwu, S; Williams, R; Biello, K; & Mimiaga, M. J, (2020). Experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with psychosocial health problems among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in Nigeria, Africa. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1-32.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520966677
Rollero, C, (2020). The social dimensions of intimate partner violence: A qualitative study with male perpetrators. Sexuality & Culture, 24(3), 749-763.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-019-09661-z
Roose, R; & Bouverne‐de bie, m, (2007). Do children have rights or do their rights have to be realised? The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child as a frame of reference for pedagogical action. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 41(3), 431-443. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.2007.00568.x
Schaefer, L. M; Howell, K. H; Sheddan, H. C; Napier, T. R; Shoemaker, H. L; & Miller-Graff, L. E, (2019). The road to resilience: Strength and coping among pregnant women exposed to intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 1-27.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519850538
Stein, S. F; Galano, M. M; Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C; Clark, H. M; Ribaudo, J. M; & Graham‐Bermann, S. A, (2021). Predictors of intimate partner violence victimization by multiple partners over a period of 8 years. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22723
Stein, S. F; Hunter, E. C; Graham-Bermann, S. A; Galano, M. M; Clark, H. M; & Grogan-Kaylor, A. C, (2020). Maternal Acceptance of Children’s Negative Emotions Among Spanish-Speaking Latinas Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(5), 1326-1335.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01554-x
Stein, S. F; Prakken, K; Grogan-Kaylor, A. C; Galano, M. M; Clark, H. M; & Graham-Bermann, S. A, (2020). Longitudinal correlates of maternal involvement and spanking in Spanish-speaking Latinas who have experienced intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1-24.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520958630
Wang, M, (2019). Harsh parenting and adolescent aggression: Adolescents’ effortful control as the mediator and parental warmth as the moderator. Child Abuse & Neglect, 94, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.05.014
Whitfield, C. L; Anda, R. F; Dube, S. R; & Felitti, V. J, (2003). Violent childhood experiences and the risk of intimate partner violence in adults: Assessment in a large health maintenance organization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(2), 166-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260502238733
Willie, T. C; & Kershaw, T. S, (2019). An ecological analysis of gender inequality and intimate partner violence in the United States. Preventive Medicine, 118, 257-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.10.019