Counseling and psychotherapy culture

Abstract In recent years, psychologists and psychiatrists sought to evaluate and compare the validity and efficiency of psychological interventions and medicinal treatments in the field of depression disorder. In this regard, by integrating the results of different studies, meta-analysis determines the level of the effect of treatment methods. This study aims at investigating into the level of the effect of psychological interventions and medicinal treatments on reducing depression symptoms using the meta-analysis model. For this purpose, 65 methodologically acceptable studies were selected and the meta-analysis method was applied. The research tool used in this study is the meta-analysis checklist. The level of the effect of psychological interventions on reducing depression symptoms is found to be d=0/47 (P< 0/0001) which is considered an average level according to Cohen’s table. The level of the effect of medicinal treatments is d=0/62 (P< 0/0001), which is higher than average based on the above mentioned table. Therefore it seems that medicinal treatments along with psychological interventions can be applied as appropriate treatments for individuals suffering from depression symptoms.

Abstract This study examines the effect of short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy with self-psychology approach on change of attachment style in students with insecure attachment.20 students recognized as having insecure attachment are selected as the sample for this research. 10 students are categorized under the ambivalent attachment and ten others under the avoidant attachment groups. These students filled the Hazan & Shaver attachment style questionnaire. Both groups had received therapy (12 sessions, once every week and individually). Finally the data were analyzed using the dependent T tests, and results show that the said type of therapy can affect the attachment style. It can be concluded that short- term psychoanalytic psychotherapy increases secure and decreases avoidant attachment style scores. However, no significant change is seen in the ambivalence attachment style scores

Abstract The present study aims at identifying the relation between emotional and cognitive intelligence of teachers and students’ educational progress. The statistical population consists of teachers (whether male or female) of the 5th grade in Ali Abad Katool City in the academic year of 2008-2009, out of whom 75 people were randomly chosen as sample. The tools used in this research are the Bar-On model of emotional intelligence, Wechsler Intelligence scale, and the average score of the second semester used in order to examine the educational progress of students whose teachers attended both the above said intelligence tests. The results show there is a positive and meaningful correlation between teachers’ emotional intelligence and students’ educational progress; however, no significant relation was found between the cognitive intelligence and students’ educational development. It can be concluded that emotional intelligence is quite significant in the working environment

Abstract This research is aimed at comparing the effect of critical thinking on the decision-making process in scientific and social elites. In this causal- comparative study, the sample was selected via cluster and purposive sampling. The ability of critical thinking, which has previously been created, is measured by stimulating analytical, inferential, and evaluative thinking skills during the group and strategic decision-making process and social conflicts. The major findings of this study indicate that critical thinking and decision making skills were more in scientific elite than social ones, and the effect of critical thinking on the decision-making process in scientific elites is significant. Also, the inferential thinking explains 11% of the decision-making process.

Abstract Pain is the most common type of stress encountered by humans, especially children. Medications and non-pharmaceutical techniques are used to control pain. The present study aims at examining two non- pharmaceutical methods of pain control, namely relaxation and attention deviation in children admitted to state hospitals. To this end, 51 hospitalized children are selected via convenience sampling method, and once homogenized; they are placed in three equal groups: relaxation, attention deviation and control group. The results of analysis of single- variable covariance show that perception of pain decreases in the two experimental groups compared to the control group, and that relaxation is more effective than the attention deviation method. It can be concluded that two methods of attention deviation and relaxation can be used as non- pharmacological methods along with other methods of pain control in children and cause them to get along with their pain more easily.

Abstract The present research is aimed at comparison between the effect of music therapy based on Iranian music and cognitive therapy on anger control in adolescent boys. In this study with pre-test/post-test experimental design, a school in district two of RobatKarim City is selected via convenience sampling. Using the Spielberger’s STAX-2 anger expression questionnaire, 30 students are selected and randomly assigned to three groups. The first group received eight sessions of non-active music therapy and the second one underwent cognitive therapy for the same period of time. No intervention was made to the control group. TheANCOVAand Scheffe Posthoc test are applied to analyze the data. The ANCOVA indicates significant difference in the three studied groups. The Posthoc Scheffe test shows no significant difference between the control group and the one receiving music therapy; however, a significant difference is observed between the control group and the cognitive therapy one, as well as between the cognitive and the music therapy groups(P<0/01). Non-active music therapy had no effect on increasing the level of anger control. On the contrary, cognitive therapy enhanced the anger control in the subjects.

Abstract This study is aimed at investigating the effect of religious-based cognitive therapy and logotherapy on reducing the depression, anxiety, and aggression symptoms in university students. The statistical population consists of all students referring to the Consultation Center at Kurdistan University in Sanandaj, out of whom 90 were selected via random sampling. By applying SCL-90-R test, the level of aggression, depression, and anxiety of the participants is measured and they are randomly divided into three groups (30 subjects in each group). Thus, three groups, namely religious-based cognitive therapy, logotherapy and controlled groups are formed. The SCL-90-R scale is employed to measure the level of the above said symptoms in pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. The results show that both religious-based cognitive therapy and Logotherapy reduce symptoms of aggression, anxiety, and depression of students and their effect is permanent in the follow-up stage. Also, no significant relation is found between the said two therapies. However, religious- based cognitive therapy is more effective in reducing depression symptoms compared with logotherapy.