Psychology
Shamim Oraizi Samani; Masoud Kiani; Nasim Malekpour
Abstract
Orphaned and abandoned children growing up in a loveless and unsafe environment are endangered, facing social, mental, and ethical crises. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of art therapy with a humanistic approach on the theory of mind and self-concept of the orphaned and abandoned ...
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Orphaned and abandoned children growing up in a loveless and unsafe environment are endangered, facing social, mental, and ethical crises. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of art therapy with a humanistic approach on the theory of mind and self-concept of the orphaned and abandoned children in Isfahan. The research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was made up of 7- to 12-year-old orphaned and abandoned children in Isfahan. The samples have been collected in a convenient manner among 3 orphanages located in Isfahan, and at least thirty-two 7- to 12-year-old children were put in control (16 children) and the experimental group (16 children). The theory of mind test (1999) and children's self-concept scale (1963) were used as pre- and post-tests. Ten 90-minute sessions were held for the experimental group, with homework in every session. The results were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance and Pearson correlation methods using SPSS 26 software. The results show that art therapy with a humanistic approach has a meaningful effect on the self-concept and theory of mind of orphaned and abandoned children. In addition, there is a meaningful relationship between the theory of mind and the self-concept of these children. The results indicated that using art as a humanistic therapy can be a good foundation for therapy based on child, environment, and therapist cooperation and improve the self-concept and theory of mind of orphaned and abandoned children.
Psychology
Saeide Mohamadi Ahmadabadi; Ahmad Zandvanian; Kazem Barzegar Bafrooei; Hossain Hassani; Zohreh Karami
Abstract
The aim of the research was to study the perspectives of school principals regarding the dimensions and components of risky behaviors among high school students in the city of Ardakan. The research approach was qualitative, and the research method was grounded theory. The potential participants were ...
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The aim of the research was to study the perspectives of school principals regarding the dimensions and components of risky behaviors among high school students in the city of Ardakan. The research approach was qualitative, and the research method was grounded theory. The potential participants were the administrators of high schools in Ardakan during the academic year 2023-2024. The sampling method was purposive. Sampling continued based on theoretical saturation of the data until 10 participants were reached. The data collection method was semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed through coding and categorization at three levels: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. To determine the validity of the data, the triangulation method was used. The results indicated that the causal factors included psychological-biological causes, belief-related factors, technological, cultural and social factors, adolescent identity formation, sociological, and economic factors. The intervening conditions included institutional factors, generational and communicative factors, while the contextual conditions encompassed general conditions, predisposed family conditions, disciplinary conditions, clinical conditions, and cognitive-communicative conditions. The strategies included effective intra-institutional therapeutic strategies, ineffective intra-institutional communicative strategies, extra-institutional strategies, and combined strategies. The outcomes included an increase in risky behaviors, clinical-psychological consequences, developmental consequences, and harmful consequences. The present study offers a comprehensive paradigmatic model from the perspective of Ardakan high school principals regarding students' high-risk behaviors. While emphasizing the systemic and complex nature of high-risk behaviors, this model reveals the necessity of simultaneous attention to individual, familial, institutional, and environmental factors in designing preventative and therapeutic interventions.
Psychology
Yasaman Amiri; Mahdi khanjani; Abdollah Motamedi
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the lived experience of homesickness and coping strategies among female students residing in the dormitories of Allameh Tabataba'i University. Employing a qualitative approach based on Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenology, the research engaged twelve purposively selected female ...
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This study aimed to explore the lived experience of homesickness and coping strategies among female students residing in the dormitories of Allameh Tabataba'i University. Employing a qualitative approach based on Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenology, the research engaged twelve purposively selected female participants. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi's method. The findings revealed that homesickness is a multidimensional phenomenon influencing students' mental health, adaptation, and personal growth. From the data analysis, six main themes, nine subthemes, and forty-eight initial codes emerged. The main themes included "emotional and cognitive fluctuations", "inner transformation and change", "stepping out of safe boundaries", "lack of emotional connection", "structural limitations", and "individual and institutional coping strategies". The results indicated that although homesickness is accompanied by psychological distress, it can also serve as an opportunity for personal growth and independence. Coping strategies at individual level (such as goal reminder and inner dialogue) and institutional level (such as access to counseling services and provision of semi-private spaces) played a significant role in reducing tensions and enhancing the overall quality of students' lives.
Psychology
Leylasadat sajjadi; Faramarz Sohrabi asamrod; Mehrdad Sabet; Heydar Aqababa
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop and validate a communication-based play therapy package to reduce behavioral disorders in students with reading learning disabilities. This qualitative research used content analysis methodology. The statistical population included psychology professors, specialists, ...
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The present study aimed to develop and validate a communication-based play therapy package to reduce behavioral disorders in students with reading learning disabilities. This qualitative research used content analysis methodology. The statistical population included psychology professors, specialists, and therapists, from whom 10 participants were selected using purposive sampling through semi-structured interviews until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were analyzed using a three-step coding process: main themes, sub-themes, and open codes. The play therapy package was designed across 15 sessions and included three levels: Level 1 focused on games related to types and ways of initiating communication; Level 2 addressed games targeting different communication styles; and Level 3 involved games based on everyday life interactions. The analysis showed that the educational goals of each level were distinct and implementable. Findings indicated that the designed package had a significant and lasting impact on improving internalizing behaviors (such as anxiety and withdrawal) and externalizing behaviors (such as aggression and defiance) in children with reading learning disabilities. This package can serve as an effective therapeutic tool in both educational and clinical settings.
Psychology
soghra ebrahimighavam
Abstract
Extended Abstract:
Introduction
Human crises—such as war, forced displacement, political violence, or humanitarian disasters—generate intense emotional, psychological, and cognitive strain. Individuals are confronted with images of suffering, narratives of fear, and an overwhelming ...
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Extended Abstract:
Introduction
Human crises—such as war, forced displacement, political violence, or humanitarian disasters—generate intense emotional, psychological, and cognitive strain. Individuals are confronted with images of suffering, narratives of fear, and an overwhelming influx of information, often without having the tools to process these experiences meaningfully. In such contexts, reflective writing emerges as a powerful medium for psychological and intellectual engagement. It allows individuals to articulate their internal responses, critically analyze external events, and locate themselves within broader human experiences.
Despite the growing body of research on reflective and expressive writing, limited scholarship investigates its role during acute geopolitical crises. The 12-day Iran–Israel war provides a compelling case because of its intensity, rapid escalation, and global media attention. Observing how individuals used reflective writing during this period can deepen our understanding of how writing becomes a space for emotional regulation, meaning-making, and humanistic awareness.
This study explores how reflective writing functions as a mechanism for psychological processing and critical learning in the midst of human conflict. By examining lived reflections recorded during the war, the study seeks to answer the following research questions.
Research Questions
How does reflective writing support psychological processing during periods of acute geopolitical crisis?
In what ways does reflective writing facilitate critical learning and enhance awareness of broader humanistic issues?
What themes emerge in reflective writings produced during the 12-day Iran–Israel war?
How does reflective writing contribute to the development of empathy and moral positioning in response to human suffering?
Literature Review
Reflective writing has been studied in multiple fields, including psychology, education, trauma studies, and ethics. Scholars argue that reflective writing allows individuals to externalize internal experiences, create coherent narratives, and engage with complex emotions through language. Research by Pennebaker (1997) suggests that expressive writing supports mental and physical well-being by enabling individuals to process emotional upheaval.
Reflective writing also has a pedagogical dimension. Brookfield and Mezirow (1991) emphasize that reflection fosters critical thinking by prompting individuals to question assumptions, analyze social structures, and consider ethical implications.
2.1. Psychological Functions of Reflective Writing
Reflective writing has long been associated with emotional processing. It helps individuals transform chaotic emotional experiences into structured narratives, thereby reducing psychological distress. Various studies show that writing about traumatic or stressful events can improve emotional regulation and promote resilience.
2.1.1. Reflective Writing in Crisis and Trauma Contexts
During crises, reflective writing serves as a mechanism to externalize fear, confusion, and grief. Trauma scholars argue that articulating emotions through writing helps individuals regain a sense of agency and coherence.
2.1.2. Critical and Humanistic Dimensions
Reflective writing also holds moral and ethical significance. It encourages individuals to situate themselves ethically within crisis events, develop empathy toward victims, and challenge dehumanizing narratives.
Methodology
This study employed a qualitative design using an interpretive phenomenological approach. The dataset consisted of reflective writings produced by Iranian university students during the 12-day Iran–Israel conflict, collected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed following Braun and Clarke's (2006) thematic analysis through iterative coding and theme development.
Results
Analysis yielded three primary thematic categories:
Psychological Processing
Participants used reflective writing to articulate shock, fear, sadness, and moral confusion. Writing provided emotional containment and helped regulate distress caused by constant media exposure.
Critical Learning
Reflective writings demonstrated increased awareness of media manipulation, political bias, and ethical complexities. Participants shifted from reactive emotions to deeper intellectual engagement.
Humanistic Empathy
A strong theme involved compassion for innocent civilians affected by the war. Writers emphasized shared humanity over political divisions.
Discussion
Findings support existing literature demonstrating that reflective writing promotes psychological well-being, cognitive clarity, and critical awareness. In the context of the Iran–Israel war, reflective writing helped individuals process overwhelming emotions while also fostering analytical and ethical engagement.
Conclusion
Reflective writing functions as both a psychological tool and an educational mechanism during crises. This study illustrates that reflective writing serves to process emotions, question political narratives, and cultivate deeper empathy. Integrating reflective writing into community and educational settings during crises can strengthen resilience and promote humanistic values.
Acknowledgments
The author extends appreciation to all individuals who shared their reflective texts during this critical period.
Keywords: Reflective Writing, Psychological Processing, Critical Learning, Human Crises, War.
Psychology
Ziba Mahdavi; Ahmad Karbalaee Mohammad Meyguni; Hossein Rezabakhsh
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to The mediating role of emotion regulation in rejection parental and mental pain in people with self-injury.The research method was descriptive in the form of structural equations. The statistical population of this study included all adolescents girl and boy with self-injury ...
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The purpose of this study was to The mediating role of emotion regulation in rejection parental and mental pain in people with self-injury.The research method was descriptive in the form of structural equations. The statistical population of this study included all adolescents girl and boy with self-injury in Robat-Karim And Islamshahr city of Tehran in summer of 1398 That the sample size 204 people Selected as available. Research tools included the Clonsky & Glenn Self-harm Function Inventory Scale (ISAS), the Sanson et al Self-injury questionnaire (SHI), the Gratz & Roemer emotion regulation difficulties Scale (DERS), The Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ), the Oerbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale (OMMP). Data were analyzed using structural equation method using Emus 24 software. The results showed that the conceptual model of the research, which assumed mental pain, parental rejection, and emotion regulation, predicted self-injury behaviors. Parental rejection had indirect effect on self-injury due to emotion regulation (β = 0.148, P = 0.050). Parental rejection is as much a preparation for childhood Causes one to resort to maladaptive emotional regulation strategies in response to the mental pain arising from parental rejection, which ultimately leads to self-injury behaviors as behavioral strategies.
Psychology
Abolghasem Isamorad
Abstract
The state of mental disorders and injuries in people who refer to psychological service centers can indicate both the mental state of the people in the society and the people's point of view towards the use of psychological services and counseling. Therefore, the aim of this study was measuring the state ...
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The state of mental disorders and injuries in people who refer to psychological service centers can indicate both the mental state of the people in the society and the people's point of view towards the use of psychological services and counseling. Therefore, the aim of this study was measuring the state of mental disorders in the clients of psychological service and counseling centers in Tehran. this study Based on the purpose was applied and in terms of the nature, was a descriptive - survey research. Statistical population included the clients of the psychological services center of Nasim Aramesh in Tehran. The sample size in this research was calculated as 300 people. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential indicators in SPSS 27 software. The research tool included the SCL90. Findings showed that the symptoms of depression, paranoid ideation, obsessive-compulsive and anxiety were the most prevalent among clients. In addition, women suffer from a more unfavorable situation than men in the subscales of somatization, depression, anxiety, phobia and overall test. These results show that the general population of people who refer to counseling centers in our country do not have a very favorable psychological state, and on the other hand, they refer to mental service centers when they are involved in all kinds of mental disorders and harms. In other words, getting rid of mental sufferings has priority over the necessity of personal growth among clients of psychological centers.
Psychology
zahra motlagh; Mahdi Khanjani; Adel Bazram
Abstract
Interpersonal distance is one of the important variables in social interactions that has attracted the attention of researchers. The current study was aimed to predict interpersonal distance regulation based on childhood trauma experiences considering the mediating role of attachment styles. In this ...
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Interpersonal distance is one of the important variables in social interactions that has attracted the attention of researchers. The current study was aimed to predict interpersonal distance regulation based on childhood trauma experiences considering the mediating role of attachment styles. In this research, correlational design based on structural equation modeling, Sobel test and independent t test was adopted to investigate the suggested relationships between the variables. The statistical population included students of Allameh Tabataba'i University of Tehran, 267 university students were selected through convenience sampling. All participants completed childhood trauma questionnaire (Bernstein et al, 2003), adult attachment style questionnaire (Hazan and Shaver,1987) and comfortable interpersonal distance (CID) task adapted from Abdevali & Zabihzadeh`s study (2021).while the results confirmed the suggested model, which consisted of predicting interpersonal distance based on childhood trauma experiences considering the mediating role of attachment styles, indicated the direct effect of childhood trauma on larger interpersonal distance regulation, secure and insecure avoidant attachment styles and also the direct effect of secure attachment styles on smaller interpersonal distance regulation, and the direct effect of insecure avoidant attachment styles on larger interpersonal distance regulation. It seems that childhood trauma can determine the attachment styles, and the attachment styles through the internal working model can affect the interpersonal distance regulation in adult social relationships with different people.
Psychology
Mohammad Javad Nikzad; Jafar Jodeiri; Masoud Nooralizadeh Mianeji
Abstract
The rule is that humans prefer certainty to uncertainty, that is, when we know that there is a future, but we do not know what will happen in the future, people choose to be shocked in the present rather than wait for an unpredictable situation. This creates the conditions for anxiety in everyone, and ...
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The rule is that humans prefer certainty to uncertainty, that is, when we know that there is a future, but we do not know what will happen in the future, people choose to be shocked in the present rather than wait for an unpredictable situation. This creates the conditions for anxiety in everyone, and it depends on how much one can tolerate uncertainty. The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying and presenting the uncertainty tolerance model to reduce anxiety based on Islamic sources. This research is a basic research in terms of its purpose and qualitative in terms of its approach. In order to analyze the components, the descriptive-explanatory sentences found in Islamic texts and the "content analysis" method were used in the framework of the "method of modeling psychological concepts and structures from Islamic texts (Verses and Hadiths)" method, and documentary method techniques were used to collect information. By seven expert experts, three concepts were obtained: self-assurance, confidence, and peace of mind, based on which, the dimensions and components of uncertainty tolerance were explained, and finally, the considered model was presented.Tolerance of uncertainty in the Islamic approach has two fundamental components, one is "God-awareness" and the other is "perception and harmony with monotheistic realities", which forms the basis of this personality trait by creating a "positive belief in uncertainty", and the person does not feel defeated in ambiguous and uncertain situations with "satisfaction/acceptance", "benevolence", "trust", and "delegation", and his anxiety is reduced.
Psychology
soheila Rajabi Marandian; Marzieh Talebzadeh Shoushtari; Hamdollah Jayervand
Abstract
The prevalence of Internalized and Externalized disorders in Adolescents is on of the serious threats to mental health in the world. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the causal model of The Internalized and Externalized disorders in Adolescents Based on Impulsivity with the ...
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The prevalence of Internalized and Externalized disorders in Adolescents is on of the serious threats to mental health in the world. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the causal model of The Internalized and Externalized disorders in Adolescents Based on Impulsivity with the Mediating Role of Adaptive and Maladaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies. The statistical population of the research was made up of all male and female students of the second year of high school in Andimshek city, out of which 326 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. were selected as samples. The tools used in this research included the youth self-report scale (Aschenbach and Rescorella, 2001), the impulsivity (Patton et al, 1995), and the Cognitive emotion regulation (Garnefski et al, 2001). To analyze the data, the method of structural equation with intermediary relation was used with Amos/18 software. The findings showed that for both indirect paths of impulsivity on internalized disorders through adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation are not significant and reject (p>0/05). Also, the two indirect paths of impulsivity on externalized disorders adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation are significant and confirmed (p<0/05). Based on the research findings, adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation can play mediating role on relationship between impulsivity and internalized and externalized disorders of adolescents. The evaluated model has a favorable fit and is an important step toward identifying the effective factors in internalized and externalized disorders of adolescents.
Psychology
Dr.naser amini; mahboobeh Banani; Mahmood Borjali; Moloud Keykhosrsvani
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of parenting education based on acceptance and commitment and parenting based on positive psychology on the mother-child relationship. The research design was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups ...
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The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of parenting education based on acceptance and commitment and parenting based on positive psychology on the mother-child relationship. The research design was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population was the mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder aged 8 to 12 years old in the 6th, 5th, and 2nd districts of Tehran city, in 2014-2016, and their number was 300. Using the available and targeted sampling method, 45 volunteer mothers were included in the study as the final sample size and were completely randomly divided into two experimental groups and a control group The tools of the current research are the mother-child relationship scale of Pianta (2011), the educational content of parenting based on acceptance and commitment by Kevin and Morrell (2009), the content of Seligman's positive psychology educational course. (2005). In order to analyze the data, descriptive indices (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate analysis of covariance) were used in SPSS software version 22. The findings indicated that, between the educational group of parenting based on On acceptance and commitment, there was a significant difference in the mean score of the mother-child relationship between the parenting training group based on positive psychology and the control group .parenting education based on positive psychology had a greater effect on mother-child relationship in mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder than parenting education based on paternalism and commitment
Psychology
saleh salehi; reza nazeri
Abstract
هدف از پژوهش بررسی تاثیر درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر ارتباطات میان فردی و انگیزش درونی معلمان مدارس استثنایی بود.روش پژوهش نیمهآزمایشی با طرح پیشآزمون- پسآزمون ...
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هدف از پژوهش بررسی تاثیر درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر ارتباطات میان فردی و انگیزش درونی معلمان مدارس استثنایی بود.روش پژوهش نیمهآزمایشی با طرح پیشآزمون- پسآزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر را کلیه معلمان مشغول به تدریس در مدارس استثنایی شهر مشهد در سال 1400 تشکیل می دهد. برای انتخاب نمونه از روش نمونهگیری تصادفی استفاده شد که در نتیجه 30 نفر انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفی در گروه آزمایش و گواه گمارده شدند. اعضای گروه آزمایش در 8 جلسه،90 دقیقهای در جلسات درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد شرکت کردند و گروه گواه هیچ مداخلهای دریافت نکرد. ابزار مورد استفاده در این پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه ارتباطات میان فردی (پیرس) و انگیزش درونی (مک آلی) میباشد. جهت تحلیل دادهها از تحلیل کوواریانس چندمتغیری استفاده گردید.یافتههای پژوهش نشان داد که درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر ارتباطات میان فردی و انگیزش درونی تاثیر داشتهاست.P <0/0001. نتیجهگیری:درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد میتواند انگیزش درونی را افزایش دهد و موجب بهبود ارتباطات میان فردی گردد.
