Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Counseling Associate Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities
2 Senior expert in Personality Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar, Sabzevar, Iran.
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological hardiness and religious orientation in the relationship between women’s age and marital adjustment during the first five years of marriage. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all married female students at Islamic Azad University of Mashhad in May 2024, whose marriage duration was less than five years. A total of 214 participants were selected using the available sampling method. Data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire, the Psychological Hardiness Scale by Kobasa et al. (2002), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale by Spanier (1976), and the Religious Orientation Scale by Allport and Ross (1950). Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation and path analysis with SPSS 22 and AMOS 22 software. The results showed that age had a direct relationship with marital adjustment and an indirect relationship through religious orientation (p-value < 0.05). However, age did not have an indirect relationship with marital adjustment through psychological hardiness (p-value > 0.05). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the relationship between women’s age and marital adjustment is not a simple linear one, and religious orientation can play a mediating role in this relationship.
Keywords
Main Subjects
اعظمی، زهرا. (1400). پیشبینی کیفیت زندگی بر اساس رضایت زناشویی، سن ازدواج، الگوهای همسرگزینی و تفاوت سنی زوجین شهر ماهشهر. مجله پیشرفتهای نوین در روانشناسی، علوم تربیتی و آموزشوپرورش، 4(40)، 116-99. https://www.magiran.com/p2344595 اقبالی، علی؛ عظیمی، محمد و عطایی، فاطمه. (1402). رابطه باورهای دینی و مهارتهای ارتباطی با رضایت زناشویی در معلمان متأهل. مجله پژوهش در دین و سلامت، 9(2)، 75-66. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v9i2.36590 توکلی بنیزی، مسعود؛ نجاری، ریحانه و کهدویی، سمیه. (۱۴۰۳). نقش جهت گیری مذهبی (بیرونی- درونی) با میانجی گری خودپنداره و تحمل پریشانی در بروز نشانههای وسواس دانش آموزان. فصلنامه سلامت و آموزش در دوران کودکی، ۵ (۱)، ۱۰۸-۹۴. http://dx.doi.org/10.32592/jeche.5.1.94 حبیبی، آرش؛ و عدنور، مریم. (۱۳۹6). مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری و تحلیل عاملی (آموزش کاربردی نرمافزار LISREL). ) تهران: سازمان انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی. https://parsmodir.com/book/sem-book.php. درویزه، زهرا و کهکی، فاطمه. (1387). بررسی رابطه سازگاری زناشویی و به زیستی روانی. فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی روانشناختی زنان، 6(1)، 104-91. https://doi.org/10.22051/jwsps.2008.1290 سالاری پور، سیدمولود؛ مکتبی، غلامحسین و عالی پور بیرگانی، سیروس. (1397). رابطه هوش هیجانی و جهتگیری مذهبی با اضطراب مرگ در کارکنان مرد بازنشستهی شرکت صنایع فولاد. فصلنامه فرهنگ مشاوره و رواندرمانی، 9(33)، 117-99. https://doi.org/10.22054/qccpc.2018.27614.1686 شهپری ثانی، داود و حسینی، محمدرضا. (1403). مسئلۀ اجتماعی افزایش سن ازدواج در ایران: عوامل و زمینهها (مورد مطالعه: شهرستان بروجرد). فصلنامه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران، 14(1)، 160-139. https://doi.org/10.22059/jisr.2025.378385.1519 ذکایی، سعید و عابدین دو، سیده فهیمه. (1403). تعاملات زوجین و خروج زنان از تعهد زناشویی: پژوهشی در شهر تهران. فصلنامه مسائل اجتماعی ایران، 15(4)، 230-195. https://doi.org/10.61186/jspi.15.4.6 گراوند هوشنگ. (1398). نقش جهتگیریهای مذهبی درونی و بیرونی بر اهداف و آرزوهای زندگی دانشجویان (مطالعه موردی دانشجویان دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی. مسائل کاربردی تعلیم و تربیت اسلامی، ۴ (۴)، ۱۶۶-۱۳۷. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/qaiie.4.4.137 نامنی، ابراهیم؛ همتی، معصومه و محمدی حسینی، سید احمد. (1404). الگوی ساختاری همبستگی حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده و ساختار خانواده با استحکام روانی در پرستاران: نقش میانجی تنش شغلی. فصلنامه مدیریت ارتقای سلامت، ۱۴ (2)، ۴۴-۵۹. http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/JHPM.14.2.44 نیازی، محسن؛ سیادتیان آرانی، سیدحسین و گودرز، زهرا. (1404). پدیدارشناسی تجربه زیسته زوجین با رضایت زناشویی بالا. فصلنامه فرهنگ مشاوره و رواندرمانی، 16(61)، 218-191. https://doi.org/10.22054/qccpc.2025.75982.3204 ویس کرمی، فاطمه و خلفی، علی. (1403). نقش میانجی استقامت در رابطه بین سرسختی روانشناختی و تاب آوری با رضایت از زندگی و سلامت روان در مادرانِ کودکان کم توان ذهنی. نشریه روان پرستاری، 12(4)، 51-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/IJPN.12.4.36 References A'zami, Z. (2021). Predicting quality of life based on marital satisfaction, marriage age, partner selection patterns, and age difference between couples in Mahshahr city. Journal of Modern Advances in Psychology, Education and Training, 4(40), 99–116. Retrieved from https://www.magiran.com/p2344595. (In Persian). Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432–443. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0021212 Aman, J., Abbas, J., Lela, U., & Shi, G. (2021). Religious affiliation, daily spirituals, and private religious factors promote marital commitment among married couples: does religiosity help people amid the COVID-19 crisis?. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 657400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.657400 Arli, D., Van Esch, P., & Cui, Y. (2023). Who cares more about the environment, those with an intrinsic, an extrinsic, a quest, or an atheistic religious orientation?: Investigating the effect of religious ad appeals on attitudes toward the environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 185(2), 427-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05164-4 Atherton, O. E., Grijalva, E., Roberts, B. W., & Robins, R. W. (2021). Stability and change in personality traits and major life goals from college to midlife. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(5), 841-858. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220949362 Baraka, J., Lawson, D. W., Schaffnit, S. B., Wamoyi, J., & Urassa, M. (2022). Why marry early? Parental influence, agency and gendered conflict in Tanzanian marriages. Evolutionary human sciences, 4, e49. https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2022.46 Bedir Akpınarlı, B., & Eryücel, S. (2024). Marital Adjustment, Spiritual Well-Being, and Locus of Control in Married Couples. Religions, 15(11), 1376. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15111376 Biju, M. A. M., & KG, M. V. B. (2023). Spirituality, Mindfulness, and Marital Satisfaction Among Married Individuals. International Journal of Indian Psychȯlogy, 11(2), 665-672. https://doi.org/10.25215/1102.069 Bitar, Z., Fekih-Romdhane, F., Mahfoud, D., Fawaz, M., Hallit, S., & Obeid, S. (2024). The mediating effect of post-traumatic growth on the relationship between personality traits and resilience among a sample of Lebanese adults. Plos one, 19(5), e0298043. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298043 Bleidorn, W., Schwaba, T., Zheng, A., Hopwood, C. J., Sosa, S. S., Roberts, B. W., & Briley, D. A. (2022). Personality stability and change: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological bulletin, 148(7-8), 588. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000365 Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological methods & research, 21(2), 230-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005 Bühler, J. L., Krauss, S., & Orth, U. (2021). Development of relationship satisfaction across the life span: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin, 147(10), 1012–1053. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000342 Cetty, L., Jeyagurunathan, A., Roystonn, K., Devi, F., Abdin, E., Tang, C., ... & Subramaniam, M. (2022). Religiosity, religious coping and distress among outpatients with psychosis in Singapore. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(5), 3677-3697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01596-4 Cooper, A. L., Brown, J. A., Rees, C. S., & Leslie, G. D. (2020). Nurse resilience: A concept analysis. International journal of mental health nursing, 29(4), 553-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12721 Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. Solutions in sport psychology, 1(1), 32-46. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313119986_Mental_toughness_The_concept_and_its_measurement Darvizeh, Z., Kahaki, F., & M., A. (2008). Relationship between marital adjustment and psychological well-being. Women's Studies (Sociological & Psychological), 6(1), 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22034/JHPM.12.1.16(In Persian). Derouiche-El Kamel, S., & Hentati-Ghorbel, Y. (2025). The Relationship Between Intrinsic Religiosity and Resilience Among Tunisian Female University Students. ESI Preprints (European Scientific Journal, ESJ), 21(7), 65-65. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2025.v21n7p65 Eghbali, A., Azimi, M., & Atayi, F. (2023). The Relationship of Religious Beliefs and Communication Skills with Marital Satisfaction in Married Teachers. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat, 9(2), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v9i2.36590. (In Persian). Fernandes-Pires, J. A., del Sequeros Pedroso-Chaparro, M., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Márquez-González, M., Cabrera, I., & Losada-Baltar, A. (2023). Marital satisfaction and mental health in adults over 40 years old. Associations with self-perceptions of aging and stress related to the COVID–19 pandemic. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 26, e14. https://doi.org/10.1017/SJP.2023.13 Fernandes, M. I., Sousa, C., Conde, A. R., Silva, F., & Ferreira, M. J. (2024). Exploring the relationship between capacity to love and well-being: A comparative study of emerging adults and middle-aged adults. Sexuality & Culture, 28(4), 1424-1445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-023-10184-x Garavand H. (2019). The Role of Internal and External Religious Orientations on the Goals and Aspirations of Students' Lives (Case study of Students in Allameh Tabatabai University). The Journal of Applied Issues in Islamic Education, 4(4), 137-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/qaiie.4.4.137. (In Persian). Garcia-Hombrados, J., & Özcan, B. (2024). Age at marriage and marital stability: evidence from China. Review of Economics of the Household, 22(1), 297-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-023-09651-z Gurba, E., Wąchol, G., & Gurba, K. (2025). The Role of Health, Religiosity, and Motivational Needs in Predicting Psychological Well-Being Among University of the Third Age Students. Religions, 16(8), 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16080978 Habibi, A., & Adenvar, M. (2016). [Structural Equation Modeling and Factor Analysis (Practical Training of LISREL Software)]. Tehran: Academic Jihad Publishing Organization; 2016. https://parsmodir.com/book/sem-book.php. (In Persian). Herm, A., & Poulain, M. (2025). Becoming a Believer in Old Age or in Poor Health: What Estonian Census Data Reveal. Journal of Religion and Health, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-025-02424-1 Jiménez-Picón, N., Romero-Martín, M., Ramirez-Baena, L., Palomo-Lara, J. C., & Gómez-Salgado, J. (2021). Systematic review of the relationship between couple dyadic adjustment and family health. Children, 8(6), 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060491 Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.168 Murniati, C., Pujihasvuty, R., Nasution, S. L., & Amrullah, H. (2024). marriage readiness of adolescents aged 20-24 in indonesia. Journal Biometrika dan Kependudukan, 13(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v13i1.2024.1-11 Namani, E., & Mohammadi Hosseini, S. A. (2025). Correlation structural model of perceived social support and family structure with mental toughness in nurses: Mediating role of occupational stress. Journal of Health Promotion Management (JHPM), 14(2), 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/JHPM.14.2.44. (In Persian). Niazi, M., Siadatian Arani, H., & Goudarz, Z. (2025). Phenomenology of lived experience of couples with high marital satisfaction. Culture of Counseling Quarterly and Psychotherapy, 16(61), 218-191. (In Persian). O’Neil, J. W., & Kruger, L. (2022). Mindset as a resilience resource and perceived wellness of first responders in a South African context. Jàmbá-Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 14(1), 1312. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v14i1.1312 Pokhriyal, S., & Dutt, M. S. (2024). Correlation of Personality Traits with Spiritual Well Being and Resilience. International Journal of Indian Psychȯlogy, 12(2), 1130-1143. https://doi.org/10.25215/1202.101 Raesi, R., Gooshki, H. S., Khoshi, A., Saadat, S. H., Daneshi, S., & Hushmandi, K. (2025). The Impact of Spiritual and Cultural Beliefs on Family Relationships and Marital Satisfaction in Religious Communities: A Systematic Review. The Open Public Health Journal, 18(1), e18749445401885. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0118749445401885250704054224 Roth, M., Weitkamp, K., Landolt, S. A., & Bodenmann, G. (2024). Couples’ dyadic coping in the context of child-related stressors: A systematic review across three decades. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 13(3), 202. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000237 Salaripour, M., Maktabi, GH., & Alipour, S. (2018). Relationship between emotional intelligence and religious orientation with death anxiety in retired male employees of Khuzestan Steel Industries of Ahvaz. Quarterly of Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 9(33), 117-99. https://doi.org/10.22054/qccpc.2018.27614.1686. (In Persian). Schahbasi, A., Huber, S., & Fieder, M. (2022). Marriage in the melting pot: an evolutionary approach to European ancestry, homogamy, and fertility in the United States. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 614003. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.614003 Shahpari-Sani, D., & Hosseini, MR. (2025). The Social Problem of Raising the Age of Marriage in Iran: Factors and Contexts (Case Study: Boroujerd County). The Journal of Social Studies and Research in Iran, 14(1), 160-139. https://doi.org/10.22059/jisr.2025.378385.1519. (In Persian). Ślusarczyk, W., Kwiatkowska, K., & Czyżkowska, A. (2024). Satisfaction with the marital relationship and the religiosity of the spouses. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides Et Ratio, 57(1), 9-24. https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v57i1.1262 Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38(1), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/350547. Tarawneh, H., Tarawneh, H. H., Alnasraween, M. S., & AlKhatatneh, S. (2024). Body image and its relationship to marital adjustment for a sample of married women after mastectomy. Environ Soc Psychol, 9(5), 21-93. https://doi.org/10.54517/esp.v9i5.2193 Tavakoli Banizi, M., Najjari, R, & Kahdouai, S. (2024). The Role of Religious Orientation (External - Internal) with the mediation of Self-concept and Distress tolerance in the presentation of Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms in Students. Journal of Childhood Health and Education. 5(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.32592/jeche.5.1.94. (In Persian). Veyskarami, F., & Khalafi, A. (2024). The mediating role of grit in the relationship between psychological hardiness and resilience with life satisfaction and mental health among mothers of children with intellectual disability. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing (IJPN), 12(4), 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/IJPN.12.4.36. (In Persian). VR, M. R., & Shetty, M. A. S. (2023). Resilience, Sense of Humor and Marital Satisfaction among Married Young Adults Across Gender. International Journal of Indian Psychȯlogy, 11(3), 2498-2518. https://doi.org/10.25215/1103.238 Zokaei, M S.,& Abedindo, F. (2024). Couples' Interactions and Withdrawal of Women from Sexual Commitment: A study in Tehran. Social Problems of Iran. 15(4), 195-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.61186/jspi.15.4.6. (In Persian). Zolfaghary, F., Agajani-Delavar, M., Adib-Rad, H., Bakouei, F., & Kazem-Aslani, M. (2024). Child marriage and quality of marriage among young married women in a rural district, Lorestan Province, Iran. BMC Research Notes, 17(1), 218. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-024-06880-y
)