Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Refah

2 Alzahra university

3 Gilan University

Abstract

Background and Objective: One of the most influential factors in the religious identity of children is the family. Therefore, to nurture a young generation with a religious identity, it is crucial to pay attention to the family and its parenting style. The aim of this study was to develop a model for the formation of religious identity in girls based on parental parenting styles. Method: This study is qualitative and employs a systematic grounded theory approach. The study population consisted of parents with at least one daughter who is a university student with a religious identity. Participants were selected using purposive sampling and other inclusion criteria. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews, reaching theoretical saturation by the eighteenth interview. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's constant comparative method in three stages (open coding, axial coding, and selective coding). Findings: The analysis yielded 201 open codes, 17 axial codes, and 5 selective codes: Religious Responsible Parenting; Preparation of Religious Educational Context; Barriers/Facilitators; Tawhid-Based Interactive Upbringing; Realization of Ṭayyibah Life (Pure Life).
Conclusion: This research enhances theoretical understanding of religious identity formation contexts in adolescents while providing faith-oriented families with practical guidelines rooted in parenting styles. The model establishes an operational framework for youth education by elucidating the pivotal role of religiously responsible parenting styles.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Adams, G. R. & Jones, R. M. Female adolescents' identity development: Age comparisons and perceived child-rearing experiences. Developmental Psychology, 1983, 19, 249-256. Azaditalab, A. Khodabakhshi Koolaee, A. Falsafinejad, M. R. & Kashani Vahid, L. (2025). A Grounded Theory Exploration of Environmental, Societal, and Contextual Factors Affecting Adolescent Identity Development in Dysfunctional Families: A School Counselor's Perspective. International Journal of Body, Mind & Culture (2345-5802), 12(2).‏ Baker, B. (2025). More Alike Than Different: A Qualitative Analysis of Parental Moral Instruction Across Ethnicity and Gender. Available at SSRN 5320160. Becht, A. Nelemans, S. Van Dijk, M. P. A. Branje, S. J. T. van Lier, P. A. C. Denissen, J. & Meeus, W. H. J. (2017). Clear self, better relationships: Adolescents' self-concept clarity and relationship quality with parents and peers across five-years. Child Development, 88, 18231833. Branje, S. de Moor, E.L. Spitzer, J. and Becht, A.I. (2021), Dynamics of Identity Development in Adolescence: A Decade in Review. J Res Adolesc, 31: 908-927 Branje, Susan. (2022) Adolescent identity development in context,Current Opinion in Psychology,Volume 45,1-6 Chaudhury, S. R. & Miller, L. (2008). Religious identity formation among Bangladeshi American Muslim adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23(4), 383-410. ‏ Cohen-Malayev, Maya; Schachter, Elli P. Rich Yisrael. (2014). Teachers and the religious socialization of adolescents: Facilitation of meaningful religious identity formation processes. Journal of Adolescence, 37: 205–214. Dollahite, Davi.c; Thatcher, Jennifer. (2008). Talking About Religion How Highly Religious Youth and Parents Discuss Their Faith. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23,611-641. Fisherman, S. (2011). Socialization agents influencing the religious identity of religious Israeli adolescents. Religious Education, 106(3), 272-298. ‏ Francis, L J and Gibson, H M. (1993b). Television, pop culture and the drift from Christianity during adolescence. British Journal of Religious Education, 15: 31 – 37. Francis, L. J. & Brown, L. B. (1991). The influence of home, church and school on prayer among sixteen-year-old adolescents in England. Review of religious research, 112-122. ‏ Francis, Leslie. (2009) Parental Influence and Adolescent Religiosity: A Study of Church Attendance and Attitude Towar Christianity Among Adolescents 11 to 12 and 15 to 16 Years Old. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 4(3): 241-253 Gunnoe, M. L. & Moore, K. A. (2002). Predictors of religiosity among youth aged 17–22: A longitudinal study of the National Survey of Children. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 41(4), 613-622. ‏ Guo,Siying(2018).A model of religious involvement,family processes,self- Control and juvenile delinquency in two parent family.Jurnal of Adolescence 63:175-190. Gutierrez, I. A. Goodwin, L. J. Kirkinis, K. & Mattis, J. S. (2014). Religious socialization in African American families: The relative influence of parents, grandparents, and siblings. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(6), 779.‏ King, P. E. & Roeser, R. W. (2009). Religion and spirituality in adolescent development. Handbook of adolescent psychology, 1. ‏ Mahoney, A. & Tarakeshwar, N. (2005). Religion’s role in marriage and parenting in daily life and during family crises. Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, 177-195. ‏ Martin, T. F. White, J. M. & Perlman, D. (2003). Religious socialization: A test of the channeling hypothesis of parental influence on adolescent faith maturity. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18(2), 169-187. ‏ Mason, A.craig, Hilda, Pantin and Seth,J.Schwartz (2009). “Longitudinal Relationships Between Family Functioning and Identity Development in Hispanic Adolescents Continuity and Change”. April. pp.177-211. Mena Matos,Paula.Barbosa,Sonia.Milheiro de Almedia,Helena.Emilia Costa,Maria (1999) Parental attachment and identity in Portuguese late adolescents, Journal of Adolescence,Volume 22,Issue 6,Pages 805-818, Munir, A. Malik, J. A. & Wakefield, J. (2020). Mediating role of religious orientation and moral character for the relationship between parent and peer attachment and delinquency. Cogent Psychology, 7(1). Myers, T. W. (1996). Religion and morality in the philosophy of David Hume. ‏ Myers, Terry Walker (1996). "Religion and morality in the philosophy of David Hume." Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3314 Okagaki Lynn. Hammond KA. Seamon L. (1999) Socialization of Religious Beliefs, J Applied Development psychology 20 (2) 273 – 294. Pantin, H. Schwartz, S.J. Sullivan, S. Coatsworth, J.D. & Szapocznik, J. (2003). Preventing substance abuse in Hispanic immigrant adolescents: An ecodevelopmental, parent-centered approach. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25, 469-500. Pearce, L.D. and Thornton, A. (2007), Religious Identity and Family Ideologies in the Transition to Adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69: 1227-1243 Rafidi, N. M. M. Saibon, J. & Seliban, A. S. A. (2024). parenting style and self-identity among secondary school students. Journal of Islamic, 9(66), 1-8.‏ Reis, O. & Youniss, J. (2004). Patterns in identity change and development in relationships with mothers and friends. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(1), 31-44. ‏ Sawyer, S. M. Azzopardi, P. S. Wickremarathne, D. & Patton, G. C. (2018). The age of adolescence. The lancet child & adolescent health, 2(3), 223-228. ‏ Schachter, E. P. (2018). Intergenerational, unconscious, and embodied: Three underdeveloped aspects of Erikson’s theory of identity. Identity, 18(4), 315–324 Smart, N. (1995). The Values of Religious Studies. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 16(2), 7-10. Sugimura, K. Crocetti, E. Hatano, K. Kaniušonytė, G. Hihara, S. & Žukauskienė, R. (2018). A cross-cultural perspective on the relationships between emotional separation, parental trust, and identity in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 749–759. Van Cappellen, P. Fredrickson, B. L. Saroglou, V. & Corneille, O. (2017). Religiosity and the motivation for social affiliation. Personality and individual differences, 113, 24-31. ‏ Watkins, C. & Butler, J. (2025). Christian Faith and Christian Learning: A Theological Action Research Account. Taylor & Francis.‏ Weinstein SE, Goldberg SJ. Spiritual Influences on Jewish Modern Orthodox Adolescents. Religions. 2024; 15(4):509. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15040509.