Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 department of psychilogy university of tabriz

2 department of psychology university of tabriz

Abstract

The main aim of this research is to compare attentional bias toward threat among children with signs of internalizing and externalizing disorders. First, we offend the CBCL questionnaire to 700 parents who had an 11-12-year-old son. This questionnaire was done at primary school in the Tabriz area.80 kids were chosen from this population who suffered from depression, anxiety, ADHD and aggression. We chose 20 students for each logical disorder. Then we used a computer test named: DOT-PROB in order to check out attentional bias among these students. The researchers showed that attentional bias toward threat among kids suffering from depression is different from those who have signs of aggression another finding of these research show differences between attentional bias toward threat between children with signs of anxiety and ADHD. In addition, we didn't realize any special difference between attentional bias toward threat among children who have signs of anxiety and those with signs of aggression. Also, we didn't find any special differences in attentional bias toward threat between children who have signs of depression and children with signs of ADHD.

Keywords

اکرمی، لیلا. قمرانی، امیر. آقالر، صدیقه. (1394). «بررسی سوگیری توجه در دختران با اختلال نقص توجه و بیش فعالی»، کنفرانس بین‌المللی یافته‌های نوین پژوهشی در روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، 1 بهمن ماه 1394، تهران، ایران.
انجمن روان‌پزشکی امریکا. (2013). «راهنمای تشخیصی و آماری اختلالات روانی DSM5»، ترجمه یحیی سیدمحمدی. (1393). تهران: نشر روان.
آجیلچی، بیتا. نجاتی، وحید. (1394). «تفاوت سوگیری توجه به تصاویر و چهره‌های هیجانی در افراد افسرده با افراد غیرافسرده»، کنفرانس بین‌المللی رویکردهای نوین در علوم انسانی، 16 آذرماه 1396، رشت، گیلان، ایران.
بخشار، سارا. نظری، محمدعلی. چلبیانلو، غلامرضا. سرافراز، مهدی رضا. (1392). «مقایسه سوگیری توجه نسبت به چهره‌های هیجانی در نوجوانان دارای اضطراب خصلتی حالتی بالا و پایین»، مجله آموزش و ارزشیابی، سال ششم، شماره 23، ص 77-89.
خانجانی، زینب. شریعتی، مریم. یادگار، امین. (1393). «مقایسه تحول همدلی در کودکان دارای اختلالات درونی‌سازی 5 تا 11 سال»، مجله آموزش و ارزشیابی، سال هفتم، شماره 27، ص 50-39.
خانجانی، زینب. هداوندخانی، فاطمه. (1390). «نقش آسیب روانی مادر در اختلال‌های برونی‌سازی شده دختران نوجوان»، فصلنامه روانشناسی تحولی (روانشناسان ایرانی)، سال هفتم، شماره 28، ص 330-223.
سرافراز، مهدی رضا. تقوی، محمدرضا. گودرزی، محمدعلی؛ و محمدی، نوراله. (1388). «مقایسه سوگیری توجه در نوجوانان مبتلا به اختلال حواس اجتماعی و نوجوانان بهنجار»، مجله تازه‌های علوم شناختی، 11(1)، 67- 56.
شرودر، کارولین اس. گوردون، بتیان. (1385). «سنجش و درمان مشکلات دوران کودکی»، مترجم: مهرداد فیروزبخت چاپ اول، تهران، انتشارات: دانژه، 846 صفحه.
شفیعی، حسن. تقوی، محمدرضا. گودرزی، محمدعلی. (1386). «ساخت نرم‌افزار آزمایه اصلاح‌شده دات پروب تصویری جهت اندازه‌گیری سوگیری توجه»، جهاد دانشگاهی، واحد البرز (تربیت معلم)، 3، 329-334.
یزدخواستی، فریبا. عریضی، حمیدرضا. (1390). «هنجاریابی سه نسخه کودک، پدر/ مادر و معلم سیاهه رفتار کودک در شهر اصفهان»، مجله روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران، 17(1)، ۶۰-۷۰.
Abend, R., de Voogd, L., Salemink, E., Wiers, R. W., Pérez‐Edgar, K., Fitzgerald, A., White, L.K., Salum, G.A., He, J., Silverman, W.K. and and Pettit, J.W. (2018). "Association between attention bias to threat and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents", Depression and anxiety, 35(3), 229-238.
Achenbach, T. M., and Rescorla, L. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles: An integrated system of multi-informant assessment, Burlington, VT: Aseba.
Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A., & Ivanova, M. Y. (2005). "International cross-cultural consistencies and variations in child and adolescent psychopathology". Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology, 674-709.
Achenbach, T.M. (1992). "Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/2-3 and 1992 profile", Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont.
Anderson, C. A., and Bushman, B. J (2002). "Human aggression", Annual review of psychology, 53.
Arsenault, D.J., and Foster, S.L. (2012). "Attentional processes in children's overt and relational aggression", Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982), 409-436.
Aue, T., and Okon-Singer, H. (2015). "Expectancy biases in fear and anxiety and their link to biases in attention", Clinical psychology review, 42, 83-95.
Baddeley, A. D. (1997). Human memory: Theory and practice, Psychology Press.
Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., and Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). "Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study", Psychological bulletin, 133(1), 1.
Barkley, R. A. (2000). "Commentary on the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(6), 595-599.
Barkley, R. A. (2003). "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Child psychopathology, 2. Baskı, EJ Mash, RA Barkley (Ed), New York". Guilford Press, 75-143.
Barkley, R. A. (2003). "Issues in the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children", Brain and development, 25(2), 77-83.
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
Bellgrove, M. A., Barry, E., Johnson, K. A., Cox, M., Dáibhis, A., Daly, M., Hawi, Z., Lambert, D., Fitzgerald, M., McNicholas, F. and Robertson, I. H. (2008). "Spatial attentional bias as a marker of genetic risk, symptom severity, and stimulant response in ADHD", Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(10), 2536.
Bosmans, G., Braet, C., Van Leeuwen, K., and Beyers, W. (2006). "Do parenting Behaviors predict Externalizing behavior in Adolescence or is Attachment the neglected 3rd factori?", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(3), 373-383.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., and Millar, N. (2000). "Biases in overt and covert orienting to emotional facial expressions", Cognition and Emotion, 14, 789–808.
Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., Pollak, S. D., Grasso, D., Voss, J., Mian, N. D., Zobel, E., McCarthy, K.J., Wakschlag, L.S. and Pine, D. S. (2015). "Attention bias and anxiety in young children exposed to family violence", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(11), 1194-1201.
Cavell, T. A., Harrist, A. W., & Del Vecchio, T. (2013). Working with parents of aggressive children: Ten principles and the role of authoritative parenting.
Chan, S. C., Raine, A., and Lee, T. M. (2010). "Attentional bias towards negative affect stimuli and reactive aggression in male batterers", Psychiatry Research, 176(2-3), 246-249.
Cisler, J. M., and Koster, E.H. (2010). "Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review", Clinical psychology review, 30(2), 203-216.
Clark, D. M., and McManus, F. (2002). "Information processing in social phobia", Biological psychiatry, 51(1), 92-100.
Constans, J.I. (2001). "Worry Propensity and the Perception of Risk", Behavior Research and Therapy, 39(6), 721-729.
Crago, R. V., Renoult, L., Biggart, L., Nobes, G., Satmarean, T., and Bowler, J. O. (2019). "Physical aggression and attentional bias to angry faces: an event related potential study", Brain research, 146387.
Cremone, A., Lugo-Candelas, C. I., Harvey, E. A., McDermott, J. M., and Spencer, R. M. (2018). "Positive emotional attention bias in young children with symptoms of ADHD", Child Neuropsychology, 24(8), 1137-1145.
Dai, Q., Hu, L., and Feng, Z. (2019). "Attentional bias modification reduces clinical depression and enhances attention toward happiness", Journal of psychiatric research, 109, 145-155.
De Castro, B. O., Veerman, J. W., Koops, W., Bosch, J. D., and Monshouwer, H. J. (2002). "Hostile attribution of intent and aggressive behavior: A meta‐analysis", Child development, 73(3), 916-934.
De Castro, B. O., Veerman, J. W., Koops, W., Bosch, J. D., and Monshouwer, H. J. (2002). "Hostile attribution of intent and aggressive behavior: A meta‐analysis", Child development, 73(3), 916-934.
Dodge, K. A. (1993). "Social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression", Annual review of psychology, 44(1), 559-584.
Dodge, K. A., and Frame, C. L. (1982). "Social cognitive biases and deficits in aggressive boys", Child development, 620-635.
Dodge, K. A., Lochman, J. E., Harnish, J. D., Bates, J. E., and Pettit, G. S. (1997). "Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth", Journal of abnormal psychology, 106(1), 37.
Dudeney, J., Sharpe, L., and Hunt, C. (2015). "Attentional bias towards threatening stimuli in children with anxiety: A meta-analysis", Clinical psychology review, 40, 66-75.
Dudeney, J., Sharpe, L., and Hunt, C. (2015). "Attentional bias towards threatening stimuli in children with anxiety: A meta-analysis", Clinical psychology review, 40, 66-75.
Duque, A., and Vázquez, C. (2015). "Double attention bias for positive and negative emotional faces in clinical depression: Evidence from an eye-tracking study", Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 46, 107-114.
Eldar, S., Ricon, T., and Bar-Haim, Y. (2008). "Plasticity in attention: Implications for stress response in children", Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(4), 450-461.
Enright, S. J., and Beech, A. R. (1990). "Obsessional states: Anxiety disorders or schizotypes? An information processing and personality assessment", Psychological Medicine, 20(3), 621-627.
Everaert, J. Koster, E.H W.Derakhshan, N. (2012). "The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression", Journal of clinical psychology review, 32, 413-424.
Eysenck, M. W. (1992). Anxiety: The cognitive perspective, Hove, England: Psychology Press.
Eysenck, M.W. and Derakshan, N. (2011). "New perspectives in attentional control theory", Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 955-960.
Flouri, E. and Buchanan, A. (2000). "Parental background, social disadvantage, public “care”, and psychological problems in adolescence and adulthood", Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1415-1423.
Gibb, B. E., Benas, J. S., Grassia, M., and McGeary, J. (2009). "Children's attentional biases and 5-HTTLPR genotype: Potential mechanisms linking mother and child depression", Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38(3), 415-426.
Gotlib, I. H., Kasch, K. L., Traill, S., Joormann, J., Arnow, B. A., & Johnson, S. L. (2004). Coherence and specificity of information-processing biases in depression and social phobia. Journal of abnormal psychology, 113(3), 386.
Graf, P., and Mandler, G. (1984). "Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23(5), 553-568.
Grossheinrich, N., Firk, C., Schulte-Rüther, M., von Leupoldt, A., Konrad, K., and Huestegge, L. (2018). "Looking while unhappy: a mood-congruent attention bias toward sad adult faces in children", Frontiers in psychology, 9.
Harrison, A. J., and Gibb, B. E. (2015). "Attentional biases in currently depressed children: An eye-tracking study of biases in sustained attention to emotional stimuli", Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44(6), 1008-1014.
Ingram, R. E. (1984). "Toward an information-processing analysis of depression", Cognitive therapy and research, 8(5), 443-477.
Joormann, J., Yoon, K. L., and Zetsche, U. (2007). "Cognitive inhibition in depression", Applied and preventive psychology, 12(3), 128-139.
Kaplan, H. I., Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., and Ruiz, P. (2015). Sinopsis de psiquiatría: ciencias de la conducta, Wolters Kluwer España, SA.
Koster, E. H., Crombez, G., Verschuere, B., and De Houwer, J. (2004). "Selective attention to threat in the dot probe paradigm: Differentiating vigilance and difficulty to disengage", Behaviour research and therapy, 42(10), 1183-1192.
Koster, E. H., Leyman, L., De Raedt, R., and Crombez, G. (2006). "Cueing of visual attention by emotional facial expressions: The influence of individual differences in anxiety and depression", Personality and Individual Differences, 41(2), 329-339.
Kujawa, A. J., Torpey, D., Kim, J., Hajcak, G., Rose, S., Gotlib, I. H., and Klein, D. N. (2011). "Attentional biases for emotional faces in young children of mothers with chronic or recurrent depression", Journal of abnormal child psychology, 39(1), 125-135.
Lee, E. H., Zhou, Q., Ly, J., Main, A., Tao, A., and Chen, S. H. (2014). "Neighborhood characteristics, parenting styles, and children’s behavioral problems in Chinese-American immigrant families", Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20, 202-212.
Lee, E. J., & Stone, S. I. (2012). Co-occurring internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems: The mediating effect of negative self-concept. Journal of youth and adolescence, 41 (6), 717-731.
Listug-lunde, L., Bredmeier, K., & Tyan, W. D. (2005). Concurrent parent and child group outcomes for child externalizing disorders. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 1, 124-130.
MacLeod, C. Mathews, A., and Tata, P. (1986). "Attentional bias in emotional disorders", Journal of abnormal psychology, 95(1), 15.
Maoz, K., Adler, A. B., Bliese, P. D., Sipos, M. L., Quartana, P. J., and Bar-Haim, Y. (2017). "Attention and interpretation processes and trait anger experience, expression, and control", Cognition and Emotion, 31(7), 1453-1464.
Miller, N. V., and Johnston, C. (2019). "Social threat attentional bias in childhood: Relations to aggression and hostile intent attributions", Aggressive behavior, 45(3), 245-254.
Mogg, K., and Bradley, B. P. (1998). "A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety", Behaviour research and therapy, 36(9), 809-848.
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., De Bono, J., and Painter, M. (1997). "Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety", Behaviour research and therapy, 35(4), 297-303.
Muhtadie, L., Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., and Wang, Y. (2013). "Predicting Chinese children’s internalizing problems: The unique and interactive effects of temperament and parenting. Development and Psytrends in time spent with children", Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 17, 365-92.
Pandean, K. (2002). "Health psychology", New York: McGraw Hill, 43, 50.
Pandina, G. J., Bilder, R., Harvey, P. D., Keefe, R. S., Aman, M. G., and Gharabawi, G. (2007). "Risperidone and cognitive function in children with disruptive behavior disorders", Biological psychiatry, 62(3), 226-234.
Pandina, G. J., Zhu, Y., and Cornblatt, B. (2009). "Cognitive function with long-term risperidone in children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorder", Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 19(6), 749-756.
Pine, D. S., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Montgomery, L., Monk, C. S., McClure, E., Guyer, A. E., Ernst, M., Charney, D. S., and Kaufman, J. (2005). "Attention bias to threat in maltreated children: Implications for vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology", American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 291-296.
Rachman, A. W. (1997). "Chapter 21 Sándor Ferenczi and The Evolution of a Self Psychology Framework in Psychoanalysis", Progress in self psychology, 13, 341-365.
Radomsky, A.S., and Van Den Hout, M. (2004). "Introduction to the Special Issue. Experimental Approaches to Understanding Obsessive Compulsive Disorder", Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 85-86.
Rodríguez, C., González-Castro, P., García, T., Núñez, J. C., and Alvarez, L. (2014). "Attentional functions and trait anxiety in children with ADHD", Learning and Individual Differences, 35, 147-152.
Romens, S. E., and Pollak, S. D. (2012). "Emotion regulation predicts attention bias in maltreated children at‐risk for depression", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(2), 120-127.
Schwartz, J. A., Gladstone, T. R., and Kaslow, N. J. (1998). "Depressive disorders", In Handbook of child psychopathology, 269-289.
See, J., MacLeod, C., and Bridle, R. (2009). "The reduction of anxiety vulnerability through the modification of attentional bias: a real-world study using a home-based cognitive bias modification procedure", Journal of abnormal psychology, 118(1), 65.
Sfärlea, A., Löchner, J., Neumüller, J., Asperud Thomsen, L., Starman, K., Salemink, E., ... and Platt, B. (2019). "Passing on the half-empty glass: A transgenerational study of interpretation biases in children at risk for depression and their parents with depression", Journal of abnormal psychology, 128(2), 151.
Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Dulcan, M. K., Davies, M., Piacentini, J., Schwab-Stone, M. E., Lahey, B.B., Bourdon, K., Jensen, P.S., Bird, H.R. and Canino, G. (1996). "The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): Description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA study", Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(7), 865-877.
Shahim, S. (2007). "Relational aggression in preschool children", Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology, 13(3), 264-271.
Skounti, M., Philalithis, A., and Galanakis, E. (2007). "Variations in prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder worldwide", European journal of pediatrics, 166(2), 117-123.
Smith, C. A., and Lazarus, R. S. (1990). "Emotion and adaptation", Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 609-637.
Smith, P., and Waterman, M. (2003). "Processing bias for aggression words in forensic and nonforensic samples", Cognition and Emotion, 17(5), 681-701.
Stormark, K. M., Field, N. P., Hugdahl, K., and Horowitz, M. (1997). "Selective processing of visual alcohol cues in abstinent alcoholics: an approach-avoidance conflict?", Addictive behaviors, 22(4), 509-519.
Suslow, T., and Dannlowski, U. (2005). "Detection of facial emotion in depression. Mood state and health", Hauppauge (NY): Nova Science Publishers, 1-32.
Vloet, T. D., Konrad, K., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Polier, G. G., and Günther, T. (2010). "Impact of anxiety disorders on attentional functions in children with ADHD", Journal of Affective Disorders, 124(3), 283-290.
Waters, A. M., Forrest, K., Peters, R. M., Bradley, B. P., and Mogg, K. (2015). "Attention bias to emotional information in children as a function of maternal emotional disorders and maternal attention biases", Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 46, 158-163.
Waters, A. M., Henry, J., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., and Pine, D. S. (2010). "Attentional bias towards angry faces in childhood anxiety disorders", Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(2), 158-164.
Waters, A. M., Kokkoris, L. L., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., and Pine, D. S. (2010). "The time course of attentional bias for emotional faces in anxious children", Cognition and Emotion, 24(7), 1173-1181.
Watts, S. J., and Markham, R. A (2005). "Etiology of Depression in Children", Journal of instructional psychology, 32(3), 266-271.
White, L. K., Helfinstein, S. M., and Fox, N. A. (2010). "Temperamental factors associated with the acquisition of information processing biases and anxiety. Information processing biases and anxiety", A developmental perspective, 233-252.
White, L. K., Suway, J. G., Pine, D. S., Bar-Haim, Y., and Fox, N. A. (2011). "Cascading effects: The influence of attention bias to threat on the interpretation of ambiguous information", Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(4), 244-251.
Williams, J. M. G., Matews, A., and MacLeod, C. (1996). "The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology", Psychological bulletin, 120(1), 3.
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., and Mathews, A. (1988). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders, Oxford, England: John Wiley and Sons.
Yu, K., and Yan, M. (2004). "The social information-processing model of children's social adjustment and its special application [J]", Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 1, 015.