Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Tabriz University

2 Shahaid madani Azarbayjan, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

The aim of present study was to compare empathy development, internalization and externalizing disorders in male and female students 5 to 11 years. The research method is causal-comparative. The statistical society of the study is including of all children aged 5 to 11 years are the city of Tabriz in order to 150 boys and girls aged from 11 to 5 years of preschool and school-age city of Tabriz with simple random sampling were selected from five different areas of education. The five groups included a 5-year old, 6 year old, 7 year old, 9 years old, 11 years old in each group, 30 patients (15 females and 15 males) were selected. Data were collected by means of two children Symptom Questionnaire was used to measure empathy Dodds. Data were analyzed by t test. Results showed that there is significantly different between boys and girls empathy development, internalization and externalization disorders. Also the results show that Internalization disorders and empathy in girls is more and externalizing disorders in boys is more. The results showed that no difference with mean internalization and externalization disorders in girls 5 and 6 years is, but at the age groups of 7, 9 and 11, out of externalizing disorders are more internalized. Meanwhile, the mean externalizing disorders in boys aged groups 5, 6, 7, and 9 more and with age groups 11 more internalized disorders. Therefore, empathy confirms the role of emotional communication in mental health and social adjustment of children.

Keywords

حسینی­یزدی، سیده­عاطفه؛ کیمیایی، سیدعلی؛ و عاطمی، زهرا. (1394). اثربخشی برنامۀ مداخله­ای ویژه کودکان طلاق بر مشکلات برونی­سازی و درونی­سازی شده کودکان طلاق. مجله روانشناسی خانواده، 2(1)، 3-14.  
خانجانی، زینب؛ شریعتی، مریم؛ و یادگار، امین. (1393). مقایسه تحول همدلی در کودکان دارای اختلالات درونی سازی 5 تا 11 سال. مجله اموزش و ارزشیابی، 7(27)، 39-54.
دادستان، پریرخ. (1386). روان­شناسی مرضی کودک. تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاهها (سمت).
رحمانی، پریسا؛ محب، نعیمه. (1390). بررسی شیوه­های فرزند پروری و جو عاطفی خانواده کودکان مبتلا به اضطراب فراگیر و کودکان فاقد اضطراب. مجله علوم تربیتی، 4(13)، 67-78.
ساطوریان، سیدعباس؛ هراتیان، عباسعلی؛ طهماسیان، کارینه؛ و احمدی، محمدرضا. (1394). مشکلات درونی سازی شده و برونی سازی شده درکودکان: ترتیب تولد و فاصله سنی. مجله روانشناسی تحولی، 12(46)، 173-186.  
شریفی­درآمدی، پرویز؛ قاسمی­داوری، لیلا. (1391). مقایسه­ی بینش هیجانی، میزان عزت نفس و افسردگی در دختران بزه‌دیده و بزه‌ندیده 15 تا 18 ساله در سال 90-1389. مجله روانشناسی افراد استثنایی، 7، 115-132.
غباری بناب، باقر؛ پرند، اکرم؛ حسین خانزاده، عباسعلی؛ موللی، گیتی؛ نعمتی، شهروز. ( 1388 ). میزان
شیوع مشکلات رفتاری دانش‌آموزان مقطع ابتدایی شهر اردبیل. پژوهش در حیطۀ کودکان استثنایی، 9)3)، 223-238. 
محمدزاده، علی؛ نجفی، محمود. (1388). نقش اضطراب و افسردگی در تبیین اختلالات نارسایی توجه در کودکان دبستانی. مجلهروان‌شناسی بالینی، 4(1)، 59-66.
معصومی، مریم؛ شجاعی، ستاره؛ همتی علمدارلو، قربان. (1395). پیش‌بینی مشکلات رفتاری-عاطفی دانش‌آموزان با ناتوانی هوشی بر اساس همدلی مادران‌شان. مجله مطالعات ناتوانی. 6، 73-68.
میری، انور؛ فرخی، نورعلی؛ و کریمیان، عدالت. (1395). مقایسه اثر بخشی مشاوره روایت مدار و راه حل مدار بر اختلالات رفتاری دانش آموزان پایه سوم مقطع راهنمایی. فصلنامه فرهنگ مشاوره و رواندرمانی، 7(25)، 25-43. 
Achenbach, T. M.; Rescorla, L. A. (2001). ASEBA school age forms profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, research center for children, youth & families.
Ambrosui, F. D.; Oliver, M. D.;  Besche, V. (2009). The basic empathy scale: Afrench validation of a measure of empathy in youth. Personality and Individual Differences 46, 160-165. 
Avenanti, A.; Bueti, D.; Galati, G. Aglioti SM (2005) Transcranial magnetic stimulation highlights the sensori motor side of empathy for pain. Nature Neuroscience, 8(7), 955-960.
Barr, R. (2006). Developing social understanding in a social context. In K. McCartney & D. Phillips (Eds). Blackwell Handbook of Early Child Development, ( pp 188-207). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
 Bayer, J. K.; Sanson, A. V.; Hemphill, S. A. (2006). Parent influences on early childhood internalizing difficulties. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 542 –559.
Barnett, M. A. (1987). Empathy and related responses in children. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 146-162). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bolm-Lake, T. L. (2007). Predicting internalizing problems in at risk children and adolescents. A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the PhD degree, Capella University.
Christopher, C.;  Saunders, R.;  Jacobvitz, D.;  Burton, R.; Hazen, N. (2013). Maternal empathy and changes in mothers’ permissiveness as predictors of toddlers’ early social competence with peers: A parenting intervention study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(6), 769–778.
Costello, E.J.; Mustillo, S.; Keeler, G.; Angold, A. (2003) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60(8):837-44.
Dadds, M.R.; Hunter, K.; Hawes, D.; Frost, A.J.; Vassallo, S.; Bunn, P.; Merz, S.; El Masry, Y. (2008). Measurement of empathy in children using parental ratings. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39(2), 111-122.
Deschamps, P.K.H.; Been, M.; Matthys, W. (2014). Empathy and Empathy Induced Prosocial Behavior in 6- and 7-Year-Olds with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal Autism Dev Disord, 44(7), 1749-58.
Gilliom, M.; Shaw, D. S. (2004). Co- development of externalizing and internalizing problems in early childhood. Developmental Psychopathology, 16, 313- 334.
Gini, G.; Albiero, P.; Benelli, B.;  Altoe, G. (2007). Does empathy predict adolescents' bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior, 33, 467–476.
Grayson, P. & Carlson, G. A. (1991). The utility of a DSM-III-R based checklist in screeing child psychiatric patients. Journal of the American Academy of child and Adolescents Psychiatry, 30, 69-673.
Hoffman, M. L. (2000), Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice (New York: Cambridge University Press)
Jolliffe, D.; Farringto, D.P. (2006). Examining the relationship between low empathy and bullying. Aggress Behav, 32 (6), 540 -550.
Jolliffe, D.; Farrington, D. P. (2011) Is low empathy related to bullying after controlling for individual and social background variables? Journal of Adolescence, 34, 59-71.
Keil, V.; Price, J, M. (2006). Externalizing behavior disorders in child welfare settings: Definition, prevalence and implications for assessment and treatment. Children and Youth Services Review, 28 (7):761-79.
Laible, D. J.; Carlo, G.; Roesch, S. C. (2004). Pathways to self-esteem: The role of parent and peer attachment, empathy, and social behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 27,703-716.
Liew, J.; Eisenberg, N.; Losoya, S. H.; Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K.,; Murphy, B. C. (2003). Children's physiological indices of empathy and their socioemotional adjustment: Does caregivers' expressivity matter? Journal of Family Psychology, 17(4), 584-597.
Lovett, B. J.; Sheffield, R. A. (2007). Affective empathy deficits in aggressive children and adolescents: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 1-13.
Merikanges, K.R., He, J.P., Brody, D.F., Bourden, K., Kortez, D. S. (2009). Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among US children in the 2001–2004 NHANES. Pediatrics Pediatrics, 125(1): 75-81.
Michael, K. D., & Crowley, S. L. (2002). How effective are treatments for child and adolescent epression? A meta‐analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22,247–269.
Muncer, S. J.; Ling, J. (2006). Psychometric analysis of the empathy quotient (EQ) scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(6), 1111–1119.
Peter, H., Meister, J.C., Pier, J. (2014). Narrative Empathy. 2nd. Berlin: DeGruyter.
Wied, M.D.; Weid, C.G.D.; Boxtel, A. V. (2010). Empathy dysfunction in children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. European Journal of pharmacology, 626, (1), 97-103.